US-A+Chapter+23

===Explain how principles of scientific management and technological innovations, including assembly lines, rapid transit, household appliances, radio, and movies, continued to transform production, work, and daily life.=== Scientific management was a popular business technique that business leaders and manufacturers applied to their production. Its principle was that every work can be broken down into a series of smaller tasks, and thus increase productivity. This idea gave birth to assembly lines, which was first developed by Henry Ford. Ford's usage of the assembly lines really helped his industry prosper and emerge as the dominant automobile producing company. Workers stood in one place as products moved past them on the conveyor belt. As productivity increased, more automobiles and more electrical appliances were made available to the public. As families became richer, they began to buy more household appliances which helped work around the house more convenient and easy to do. The necessity of house servants was no longer needed because housewives were able to do work by themselves, using convenient products such as washing machine, vacuum cleaners and irons. As the American people began to receive bigger paychecks, they had the luxury to spend it on sources of entertainment such as radio, and movies. Radio became very accessible during this period. the radios broadcasted church services, local news, advertisements and sporting events. The Americans all over were able to enjoy a shared set of experiences, because they laughed and listened to the same programs from the radios. Movies brought the Americans under a common culture. Silent films were very popular in this era, and new film techniques also developed. Some of the movies caused controversy because they were considered to be too lewd and vulgar. Many people started to demand for regulation within the movies. This time, movies were influential as television today. Movies influenced the manners, dress codes and people’s thoughts. Many messages were in the movies so that people can be informed about the result of drinking, violence and other acts.

Examine the advent of mass advertising and sales techniques.
Advertising became big business in the 1920s. It worked to fuel demand for products such as cars and other consumer goods. The money that was being spent on advertising soared to 3 billion dollars in this period. Commercial messages appeared in magazines, newspapers, etc. The advertisements were targeted at women, and used psychology to play consumers' hopes and fears. Companies used slogans, jingles, and celebrity testimonials to advertise their products and attract attention from the consumers.

Analyze the role of transportation in changing urban life.
America became a land of automobiles. As cars became cheap and affordable, many Americans bought automobiles. By 1929, 1 out of 5 people owned a car. This greatly impacted the lifestyle of the American people. It first reshaped the infrastructure of the cities; new roads, driveby restaurants and fillling stations were constructed so that the drivers could stop by and use them. The population in the inner cities began to decrease, because many people began to move to the suburbs, as suburbs became more accessible thorugh cars. Jobs such as delivery systems were no longer needed; the Car owners delivered errands for themselves. Auto touring became a new American pastime. Families rode their cars and went camping ans sightseeing vacations. The automobiles did not have any strings attached, and they did not have to follow the schedules of passenger trains. Guidebooks encouraged Americans to hit the roads. The cars also impacted family life and went against American tradition. Traditionally, families spent a lot of time indoors and together in the house. But as cars became abundant, teens seized the oppotunities to go to cities and on excursions using their automobiles. Hence it reduced a sense of community within American families, because it promoted independence and individualism. The increase in automobiles also brought about the problems of traffic, pollution and car accidents.

Examine the rise of religious fundamentalism and the clash between traditional moral values and changing ideas as exemplified in the controversy over Prohibition and the Scopes trial.
In this era, many social changes took place. Many citizens were also excited, by it, but many were also troubled by the rapidly changing traditions and moral standards. Religion was still a very big part of American life. Religious leaders preached sermons and wrote books denouncing the evils of pop culture and alcohol. The prohibition of the sale of alcohol was constroversial during this period of time. Progressive reformers seeking to combat crime, family violence and poverty had long called for a ban on alcohol. In some regions, prohibition was strictly enforced, by it was very unpopular in the cities. This also led to corruption and bootlegging among mobs. We can see the constant clash between tranditional conservative moral values, and the more tolerant, modern values. In response tot he rapidly changing society of the 1920s, Americans turned to a more conservative religious faith, fundamentalism. They attacked liberal religious adherents and said that modernism weakened christianity. They believed every word of the bible and things such as scientific learning and theory of evolution was condemned harshly. Fundamentalism went on trial in a famous court case in july 1925. Earleier that year the tennesse legislature had outlawed the teaching of Charles Darwin;s theory of human evolutions in the shcools. To test the law;s constitutionality, American civil liberties union offered to defend any tennessee school teacher who would challenge the statut. John Scopes, a science teacher accepted the offer. The scopes trial exposd a deep divison in Ameican society between traditional religious values and ne values based on scientific reasoning and enlightenment. In the end, Scopes was found guilty and fined 100 dollars. trial showed the conflict between the traditional moral values and the modern social changes that happened int eh 1920s. This trial seemed like a victory for the fundamentalists, but actually worked to lower opinions on the narrow minded fundamentalists.

Assess how increased leisure time promoted the growth of professional sports, amusement parks, and national parks.
Other than movies and radio, sports were also very popular among the Americans. Professional sports had already emerged, and the new techonologies really helped professional sports become a form of mass entertainment. Professional and college level football attracted many fans. Also, baseball remained the nation;s most popular sport.

How did jazz and blues become popular nationwide?
The 1920s was the JAZZ AGE. Jazz first began in the South as a way the African Americans expressed their emotions of sorrow. In 1910, it moved to the North and became a popular genre of music. It was not only the African Americans who sang and produced jazz, but it was also combined with other types of American music such as BLUES. Therefore, it was soon a music that alleviated the sadness of all Americans and not just African Americans. One of the most famous jazz musicians was Louis Armstrong, who integrated jazz and blues. Jazz was able to become popular nationwide because it was a fun tune that people could dance to. Big band jazz swept the nation as young men and partners began to dance trots to jazz music. Jazz influenced all kinds of music artists from classical musicians, to white American musicians as well. 

Examine the contributions of artists and writers of the Harlem Renaissance and assess their popularity.
In the 1920s, African Americans expressed a growing pride in their heritage. In harlem, the pride was especially evident. This neighborhood became the cultural center of African American life. There were so many creative black writers, musicians and artists that lived here that influenced artistic development.

Explain the growth of distinctively American art and literature from the social realists to the “lost generation.”
The work of the lost generation showed the horrors of world war I. They also criticized the middle-class's consumerism. Ernest Hemingway expressed his anger towards war about it's uselessness. F.Scott Fitzgerald's novels talked about the Jazz age. He would write about the wealthy college students and sometimes the meaningless part of purchasing money and social status. Sinclair Lewis was a writer who concentrated on criticizing the middle class life, how empty it is.

What were some of the major inspirations behind new movements in the visual arts and architecture?
Art works such as photography was popularized with the help of Afred Stieglitz. He photographed people, airplanes, skyscrapers, and crowded city streets. Not only photography, but also different kind of paintings, such as a portrait revealing the beauty of machinery drewn by Charles Sheeler was something different during the time period. For architecture, people were inspired by the works of Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright. Sullivan would design architectures where each part of it would have a purpose of having. Under Sullivan was studying Wright, and Wright gained great reputation from the world with his innovative designs.