US-A+Chapter+22

**Examine rising racial tensions, the great northward migration of African-Americans, the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan, and the emergence of Garveynism.** Racial tensions in the United States worsened as more and more African Americans moved North in search of better job opportunities, although contrary to their expectations, they encountered discriminations (they were the first ones to lose jobs when the recession of 1920 and 1921 began). Southern Whites formed gang to attack Blacks, and African American WW1 veterans stood up to protect their communities from these gangs. Also, during this period, the Ku Klux Klan, commonly referred to as the KKK, reemerged; they kidnapped, beat and lynched African Americans as well as immigrants, Jews, Christians, suspected radicals, and other minorities. The cause of this reemergence can be attributed to the effect the Red Scare had on people: memberships soared when the Red Scare began, and declined when it ended. As a response to the Whites’ violent actions, the NAACP created the Anti-lynching committee, which attempted to increase awareness of the unfair violence against Black people. A different approach to this violence was led by Marcus Garvey – this movement, called Garveynism, aimed to convince African Americans to return to Africa and create a new state there.

**How did the process of demobilization alter the lives of many women, factory workers, and farmers?** Demobilization, caused by the 4.5 million soldiers returning from war, created a high unemployment rate and a staggering fall in wages. Women, especially, suffered from the demobilization because they were urged by their employers to leave their positions for the returning men. Also, a spending spree happened among people because of the large amount of shopping they held back during the war. This increased the demand for goods, and so the prices soared. The recession of 1920-1921 further worsened the US life conditions: prices of goods fell drastically, and the unemployment rate was higher than ever. Also, because European countries were starting to grow their own agricultural fields instead of importing them from the US, farmers were unable to earn enough money and lost much of their lands to debts.  Assess the political climate of the Red Scarce and the hostility toward foreigners and radicals. During the 1919, many Americans were terrified due to the presence of strikes (The steel strike, the united mine workers strike.) During the early 1900's many strikes occurred in the United States. Because of these acts, fear was widespread, communists accessing the U.S government. The fear started in 1919 when the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin created an organization called the Communist International. The communist international was to encourage the world by overthrowing capitalism or free enterprise. Moreover, Eugene V.Debs, a member of the socialist part of America spread his socialist political beliefs during his five bids for the presidency between the years 1900 and 1920. Many started to believe in the ideas of Marxism and Debs. Therefore, many of the Americans saw the believers of communism and socialism as enemies. During the 1919, general Palmer designated to destroy anybody who was involved with the idea of communism. So by the end of summer of 1920, the public hysteria over radicalism died down. Analyze the factors that lead to Mexican immigration, immigration restriction in 1924, and the closing of the "Golden Door."

Discrimination and racism led the KKK, but it also led nativist sentiments. Like the past, Americans were strongly against immigrants and were feared that the immigrants might even take over the property of U.S. In the years 1920, statically 25% of the population were born outside of the United States. The numbers were increasing dramatically, from one hundred thousands to nine hundred thousands in a single year. Due to the presence of overpopulating immigrants, Congress has passed a law limiting the number of immigrants from each country. The immigration act of 1924 shortened the amount of immigrants, it reduced more than one hundred fifty thousand immigrants. Interestingly, the mexicans were not affected by the restrictive legislation of the 1920s. Southwest were eager to keep a steady flow of workers to fill low wages, and mexicans took the job. As the mexican men started a living in the United States from working in factories, families also came to the U.S as well. In sum, because of the overpopulating immigrants, the once known for freedom of land had to close the golden door and create restrictions of immigrations. Analyze the factors that lead to Mexican immigration, immigration restriction in 1924, and the closing of the "Golden Door."
 * How did the Republicans pro-business policies affect the U.S. economy?**

Republicans pro-business policies had both positive and negative affect to the U.S. economy. The pro-business policies enhanced surplus capital and had tax cuts, which caused numerous industries to boom. Moreover, there were about 1000 mergers that combined two or more companies brining greater efficiency and higher profits. Thus, from 1923 to 1929, these reasons allowed profits of business increased by 60 percent and in addition, workers’ incomes grew by about 10 percent. However, pro-business policies also had a negative effect as well. Many workers that worked in industries such as textile industry struggled to pay cuts and unemployment. In addition, creation of the act, Fordney-McCumber Tariff brought little help and relief to farmers while its real intention was to help the agriculture as well as business. It caused farmers to face shrinking markets, low prices, high interest rates, and crushing debt. Furthermore, the pro-business policies prevented workers from joining unions by having yellow-dog contracts. So the business leaders promoted Americans to support union-free open shop. Thus, this was good for the business workers, but it limited the workers from joining and forming unions. Thus the effects of Republican Policies greatly influenced the lives of many Americans.


 * Analyze how the emergence of the “New Woman” challenged Victorian values.**

The emergence of the “New Woman” challenged Victorian values because the new woman rejected the ideas that the Victorians held. New Woman is the feminist ideal that emerged in the late nineteenth century; they demanded The Equal Rights Amendment stating, “Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction”. Unlike the Victorian values, the new woman was less constrained by having greater freedom to pursue public roles. Moreover, the new women challenged the gender roles by expressing the individuality and autonomy. Victorians valued being lady-like so much that they lowered themselves compared to men; however, the “New Woman” challenged such thing. They even battled to regulate the working conditions and hours of female workers so that they would obtain equal rights. Moreover, League of Women Voters were formed by Carrie Chapman Catt along with other former suffrage leaders to inform women about the public issues pertaining to gaining equal rights. Thus, the “New Woman” challenged the women’s public presence that were hostile from men through a lot of actions that showed their individuality.