US-C+Chapter+25

=Ch. 25 THE NEW DEAL =  **Compare and contrast the first and second New Deals and evaluate the success and failures of the relief, recovery, and reform measures associated with each. **  __The Start of the New Deal__ With the fatal destruction from the Great Depression, America was in need for an economic and social boost. President Franklin Roosevelt started campaigns with his advisory group, the Britain Trust and formed 15 relief and recovery measures which included aids of America’s economy, agriculture, and racial discrimination

__Economy__ One of Roosevelt’s biggest focuses was on America’s banking system. The Britain Trust came up with a bank holiday which closed every bank in the nation for a few days and allowed the US government to examine the financial support of each banks. This led to the stop of massive withdrawals, and when safe banks reopened, massive amount of money were deposited.  With the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which insured each bank deposit up to $5000, the use of banks increased.  Americans experienced a depressing time period of unemployment. In order to reduce the number of unemployment, the government set limits on industrial and business activity. The congress passed the national Industrial Recovery Act. This limited work hours, raised wages, and provided more jobs. <span style="color: rgb(16,147,6); font-family: Georgia,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);"> <span style="color: rgb(27,153,15); font-family: Georgia,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">Both conservatives and liberals criticized the New Deal. Many said that it was an “irresponsible ravings against millionaires and big business” (Democrat Al Smith). New Deal measures were destroying both the Constitution and free enterprise.
 * 1st New Deal**

__Agriculture__ President Roosevelt also encouraged a better economic life for the farmers. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration put limits on the massive productions of farmers. By decreasing the number of goods went up which led to an increase of income for the farmers. However, this was a bigger demand on the consumers. Also, farmers with large landholdings benefited far more from AAA assistance than did small farmers, because they kept all of the government payments for themselves when they forced sharecroppers off their land. So the poorest farmers faced worst poverty.

__Racial Discrimination__ Although New Deal programs provided aid for people of all races, some programs discriminated. Many programs opened positions for African Americans while most states strictly segregated them from the whites. Depression increased racial tensions in the country and many were executed. Although the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People supported the African Americans, Roosevelt feared a political backlash from southern Democrats. Despite the lack of progress on civil right legislation, African Americans did make some advances under the NAACP. More than 100 African Americans held power in a wide variety of professions, such as educators, legal scholars, newspaper editors and social workers. American Indians: Inadequate housing, poor health care and malnutrition left many American Indians in depressing conditions. The American Indian Defense Association organized to fight to protect religious freedom and tribal property.

The people started to complain about the First New Deal saying it was destroying the Constitution and so the First New Deal had ended. It didn’t officially end but then as the democrats gained power in 1944 election, they have encouraged the government to create more public work programs, have social security, improve the working conditions; eventually as new ideas started to form from a new group of the government, the New Deal was called the Second New Deal. The Second New Deal had also improved the economy and had a long-term effect. Before the Second New Deal had started, there was the election of 1936 where President Roosevelt ran for presidency and won his second term in the office. Roosevelt had won the election and he had promised the people that he would continue the New Deal. To start off his second term, President Roosevelt went on to reform the Supreme Court. However, the Court did not approve any of the New Deals and declared most of the measures unconstitutional. For example in 1935, the Congress declared a rule that certain provisions of NIRA (National Industries Recovery Act) were unconstitutional.
 * 2nd New Deal**

__Social Security & Public Work Progams__ In 1935 President Roosevelt created the Works Progress Administration (WPA) which had helped many unemployed workers. The WPA established the National Youth Administration (NYA) which provided part-time jobs to people between ages of 16 to 25 so they would be able to earn money and still attend school. The Congress had passes the Social Security Act which contained 3 major provisions. The three major provisions were: providing unemployment insurance to workers who had lost their jobs and the funds came from a payroll tax, providing pensions for those who have retired and are over age 65, and providing payments to people who were disabled, elderly, and wives and children of male workers who have died. The Congress also passed the Revenue Act of 1935, known as the Wealth Tax, where the government would raise tax levels to those who are wealthier. The tax increased based on how wealthy you were.

__Benefited Farmers__ During the First New Deal, the Congress had established the AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Administration which was an organization where farmers would be paid to reduce their output of rice, tobacco, and other crops to increase the prices) because the Congress believed that the AAA would increase the economy; nonetheless, the outcome showed the opposite of what they had expected. Therefore, in the Second New Deal, the Congress passed the Second Agricultural Act, in 1938, which had allowed payments farmers who withdrew land from production and practiced conservation. Also, the government authorized the Department of Agriculture to limit the farmer’s amount of specific crops. During the Second New Deal, the Congress had brought aid to migrant farm-workers, tenant farmers, and sharecroppers by providing low-interest, long-term loans so that they would be able to buy land. Also, the government made camps where migrant farmers may use as shelter and as a medical care center.

__Working Conditions__ In the Second New Deal, the Congress focused more towards the people individually. By doing so, one of the things the Congress had done was passing the National Labor Act which guaranteed the labor’s right to organize unions and allow them to bargain for better wages and working conditions. Also, organizations such as the Congress of Industrial Organizations tried to unite workers in various industries, which included both skilled and unskilled workers. Problems arose when trying to unite the skilled and unskilled workers. This had angered the workers and caused them to go on strikes. During the Second New Deal, one of the most bitter strikes was against the General Motors because they did not like the factory working conditions. Instead of the workers going out in front of the company, shouting, and holding signs, the people started the sit-down strike. The sit-down strike was a strike where the people would literally sit down in the factory and would not work until their demands were met.

__Roosevelt Recession__ To boost up the economy, Roosevelt had practically fed the people and took care of them. Some of the things he did was pour money into the economy through loans, made landowners share federal payments, and increasing tax to those who were wealthier than the rest of the people. However during the Second New Deal in 1936, Roosevelt started to cut back on those relief and public-work programs. The outcome was an economic turndown because the private industries weren’t strong enough to give jobs to those dropped by the government. Overall, it resulted with factories shutting down and the unemployment rate rising once again, thus the Republicans called this economic turndown as the “Roosevelt Recession. __Failures of both projects__ Critiques argued that the president had become too involved in the economy, which threatened the free enterprise system.
 * Pros and Cons of both New Deals**

__Accomplishments of both projects__ By supplying jobs, the New Deal programs improved many Americans’ sense of self-worth. Programs helped boost incomes of the poor. The New Deal era represented the first time during a period of reach that the federal government had spend more than it brought in as revenue. Supporters argue that the federal government expanded role was necessary. Unemployment insurance helped Americans survive the great depression. And also established minimum standards for working conditions and the protection of workers’ rights.

1st new deal: focused on the big issues Created organizations, but didn't work to improve it Congress accepted everything
 * Basic Differences**

2nd new deal: focused on smaller issues Improved the organizations and focused on more smaller issues. As American economy improved, entertainment industries developed Congress rejected some of the ideas

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<span style="color: rgb(14,124,27);"><span style="color: rgb(11,121,24);"><span style="color: rgb(11,121,24);"><span style="color: rgb(26,139,19);">//What were the effects of the Dust Bowl?// <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">There was a mass migration in California and all over the West Coast due to the Dust Bowl. The Dust Bowl, which occurred around 1930 to 1936, was a natural disaster that caused a severe drought in the Great Plains and completely destroyed 50 million acres. During the Dust Bowl, the skies were dark, the dust buried fences, factories, and farms, and dust crept into houses through tiny cracks. Due to the Dust Bowl, many farmers had lost their land and headed west on route 66. The farmers saw the west coast as the promised land where they would find available jobs for them. However, the great migration of farmers caused fierce competition in the West Coast between other farmers looking for work. Before the Dust Bowl there was already fierce competition because of the Mexican Americans. The Mexican Americans were treated like the African Americans: they were the victims of discrimination. Mexican Americans and Filipinos worked in agriculture and fought the decline in their wages. The Filipinos created the Filipino Labor Union where they went on strike to bring down the wages. Farmers migrating to the West because of the Dust Bowl made competition to find jobs worse since Mexican Americans and Filipinos mainly worked in agriculture. <span style="color: rgb(16,147,6);"><span style="color: rgb(16,147,6);"><span style="color: rgb(29,146,17);"><span style="color: rgb(26,139,19);"> <span style="color: rgb(11,131,34);"><span style="color: rgb(48,156,17);"><span style="color: rgb(12,141,13);"><span style="color: rgb(33,151,12);"><span style="color: rgb(28,147,16);"><span style="color: rgb(20,225,70);">//Analyze the involvement of minorities and women in the New Deal and its impact upon them.// <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">Although New Deal programs provided aid for people of all races, some programs discriminated. Many programs opened positions for African Americans while most states strictly segregated them from the whites. Depression increased racial tensions in the country and many were executed. Although the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People supported the African Americans, Roosevelt feared a political backlash from southern Democrats. Despite the lack of progress on civil right legislation, African Americans did make some advances under the NAACP. More than 100 African Americans held power in a wide variety of professions, such as educators, legal scholars, newspaper editors and social workers. American Indians: Inadequate housing, poor health care and malnutrition left many American Indians in depressing conditions. The American Indian Defense Association organized to fight to protect religious freedom and tribal property.
 * OTHER QUESTIONS**

<span style="color: rgb(36,150,13);"><span style="color: rgb(27,153,15);"><span style="color: rgb(16,147,6);"><span style="color: rgb(16,147,6);">//<span style="color: rgb(20,225,70);">Explain renewed efforts to protect the environment during the Great Depression and evaluate their success in places such as the Dust Bowl and the Tennessee Valley. //   <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">During the First New Deal, there was the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) in the Tennessee River Valley. The TVA was created in 1933 and had changed the economic and social life of that region. People had built dams and power stations to provide hydroelectric power and flood control. In doing so, the TVA had improved the region’s low standard of living. The Dust Bowl had damaged a lot of farm land and wasted 50 million acres. In order to prevent similar disasters from occurring, the Department of Agriculture started programs in soil-erosion control. One of the things would be, the people in the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) planted around 217 million trees. This created a windbreak that stretched all the way from the Great Plains from Texas all the way to Canada. Due to this, by 1939, the amount of dried-out farmlands had decreased immensely. However, the Dust Bowl had caused too much damage and the farmers had already lost their land, so the farmers migrated west. <span style="color: rgb(20,225,70);"> <span style="color: rgb(16,147,6);">//Identify the leading opponents of New Deal policies and assess their arguments.// <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">Many conservatives and liberals did not agree with he New Deal. Many democratic business leaders criticized that the president had become too involved in the economy, which threatened the free enterprise system. The government also spent excessive amounts of money to promote various public works and associations, which asked for a greater amount of tax on the wealthier citizens. Some of the middle class citizens also did not like the new projects limiting the production goods of farmers because it increased the price which led to an increase on their spending and stressed them as consumers. <span style="color: rgb(16,147,6);"><span style="color: rgb(20,225,70);"> <span style="color: rgb(16,147,6);">//How effective was the New Deal in ending the Great Depression?// <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">Most historians argue that the New Deal was not completely effective in its attempt to end the great depression. The economy did not fully recover until the US began its preparations for WW2, thus the New Deal was not able to provide complete aid for America's economic decline. Although he improved many aspects of America, mentioned above, he used a lot of America's wealth on the promoted projects. Nonetheless, the New Deal has had lasting results, creating programs and agencies that still exist today.

<span style="color: rgb(20,225,70);"><span style="color: rgb(16,147,6);">//How did New Deal agencies use photography to promote their goals?// <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">Photographs during the New Deal era mainly focused on ordinary American's lives. President Roosevelt promoted many photographers to support the federal government. These photographers went around the country and took pictures of chaotic living conditions of United States. Roosevelt believed that these photographs would help the opponents of federal relief program to change their minds, and eventually support the program. Thus, the frightening images of sad unemployed workers, hungry children, and exhausted women helped the New Deal agencies to achieve their goals.

<span style="color: rgb(16,147,6);">//What common themes emerged in the novels, films, and plays of the New Deal Era?// <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">Media played an important role to many American's daily lives' activities. These media provided certain themes, which helped them gain great popularity. One popular theme was escaping from reality, where Americans would view the media and temporarily forget the troubles in the reality. Films like Gold-Digger and Wizard of Oz provided optimistic ideas which helped enlighten people's minds. Another popular theme was criticizing the government and the rich. Films like Mr.Deeds Goes to Town and Mr.Smith Goes to Washington criticized the government's role in United States. Also, plays like The Little Foxes was made to attack the greediness of upper-classmen in United States. However, the most popular theme during this era was depression. Many media focused on many American lives struggling to overcome the harsh conditions. For example, novels like The Grapes of Wrath tells a story of a poor family as they travel from the Dust Bowl region to California. Films like Gone with the Wind tells a story of portrays two lovers as they struggle from wars and economic chaos.